Article Resume part 2: Realization of a Desired Future: Innovation in Education

Authors:

Fuat Fındıkoğlu

Dilek İlhan

INTRODUCTION

Innovation in education, as the name suggests and unlike the traditional educational settings, will transform the students from ‘knowledge consumers’ into ‘knowledge manufacturers’ by placing them at the center of innovative educational settings. Therefore, what will take the global society today to the future is knowledge and innovation. That puts a heavy load on educational systems to raise individuals with high innovative skills and knowledge production capacity. As knowledge is not the result of scientific studies any longer; rather, it is a way of raising skilled problem solvers and individuals who will maintain their learning all their lives. Innovation in education is needed to incorporate old and new technologies and educational environments that already exist may be adapted and upgraded through the use of technology.

 

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INNOVATION IN EDUCATION

The role of the use of technology in education and how it relates to the content that needs to be conveyed to the students and the role of the knowledge that is part of that content need to be handled carefully while designing the curricula and the instructional environments and handling the outcomes of the instructional processes in terms of how to evaluate the value of workforce that will enter the market and consecutively their use for the economy and the services they will offer. This takes the nature of this relationship back to the objectives of the education that will shape the nature of the instructional processes. No matter how difficult it may be to acknowledge the fact that technology isn’t sufficient alone in education or any student who attended to a technologically-enhanced classroom would be an expert on the topic or learn anything, the curricular circumstances of what has already been perceived about technology will be in question sooner or later.

Here, it becomes more and more important to take an innovative stance on education. This being the case, innovation isn’t merely adopting the latest technology; it must be accepted as a process where the content to be communicated to the students is being coded in a more attractive and meaningful way through the use of technology. Therefore, instruction shouldn’t solely be confined to conveying standard content to students no matter what advanced technological tools are being deployed in the process. Innovation should be taken into account in the ways that goals, content knowledge and learning outcomes are treated with an efficient perspective and approach.

 

INNOVATION IN EDUCATION

Under the light of literature provided until now, innovation in education can roughly be defined as the ways of coming up with alternative ways of ensuring behavioral change in individuals if/when the current way (learning theory/learning task/teaching method/learning approach, etc.) is not working effectively. Curriculum is the broadest concept in educational innovation. Again, in curricular aspect of educational innovation, teachers’ understanding and background determines the extent to which conveying of the innovative curricular content is going to be achieved.

The figure suggests that the highest activity regarding innovation occurs among the teacher, curriculum and classroom trio. Teachers’ interaction with the curriculum is significant in that he can control and monitor other variables within the educational system. In general, using ICTs can only help teachers to code a core message (a goal and content) in an unconventional form that is targeted for students with different learning styles. Innovation basically means providing alternatives or novel ways to already existing methods or approaches.

When a need for a change or an urge for alternatives calls for attention, it can be said that innovative educational practices are taking place. That is to say, innovation in education can mean ameliorating the problems existing in practice at the moment. Taking education to an innovative level of practice requires teachers stopping the old routines and changing their old or traditional beliefs for the untraditional students and learning environments and social life at hand today. An encouraging way of innovation in education would be the teachers searching for creative and innovative solutions to existing problems and carrying out research into instruction and education.

 

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Individuals must be equipped with skills to compete in the knowledge era. The outcomes of the education system must be targeted to ensure that the outcomes are newly produced knowledge. Langworthy, Shear and Means suggest that governments, systems and schools must develop techniques to measure to what degree innovative education is happening and what its implications of it on student learning and academic progress are and they also suggest that the goals of the educational systems must be synchronized with the demands of the 21st century economies and societies.

The educational systems change the people and their societies and vice versa, the societies always transform and with themselves, they transform the inner dynamics of the country they belong to. Generally speaking, using ICTs is only a way of supporting the content of the curriculum. Teaching professionals must discriminate between innovation and using technology in education, both of which have attributions to different concepts. In conclusion, it can be said that using technology in education can be a part of using innovative practices and innovation in education. Innovation itself fits better to the practices where curriculum-related levels of instruction are enhanced through technology or technologically enhanced materials, techniques and equipment. In other words, technology facilitates the conveying of the content to the students.

REASON

I chose this article because there are still many people or educators who don't care about the development of the education system in this country. They are still not aware that the education system in this country is still poor. That is why if we want a good education system, then we need to look for new innovations so that our education system is better than before.

IDEAS AND INSPIRATION

The role of government in developing educational innovation is very important. Not only that, technology and students have played a big role in achieving new educational innovations. Therefore, in my opinion, the government should put limits on the use of technology for underage students. Because the problem that occurs in Indonesia today is the excessive use of gadgets for underage students. Indeed, problems like this the role of parents are the main factor. But the role of the government should be much more important because they have more power to control this Indonesian system. If we want to create new innovations, the characteristics of students must be improved first.

Article Resume: Innovation of Education and Educational Innovations in Conditions of Modern Higher Education Institution

Authors:

HALYNA MYKHAILYSHYN

OKSANA KONDUR

LESIA SERMAN

INTRODUCTION

Limits of growth of modern civilization are determined by education, its quality and accessibility. In conditions of growing dynamics of social and economic transformation practice requires the working out of the new forms for educational and social adaptation, optimization of the interests of the state and the individuality in the society of knowledge that appears daily. Global processes became the subject of studying various, especially social sciences. Innovative processes in the system of education provide variation and personality oriented trend of the educational process, so that the knowledge, skills and abilities of students are transformed into a means of developing their cognitive and personal qualities, competence to ensure their ability to be the subject of innovative professional activities. The purpose of the journal is to analyze different approaches to the interpretation of educational innovations and innovations in education, and argumentation of actuality of innovation development in higher education institution.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Education and science are deeply integrated into the economy, social life, and their level significantly affects the quality of life and the possibility of constant development both a separate country in particular and the international community in general. Therefore, science and skilled staff are recognized in Europe to be the decisive factor in achieving the goals of internationalization of the educational process: to make European education more competitive, dynamic, and able to ensure sustainable growth, employment of the population and social cohesion. The main task of higher education system is to ensure the continuous training of human resources for profitable use in constantly changeable conditions of formation global market space.

Effectiveness of the education system depends on a number of internal factors; they are resource base, human resources, forms of operation. At that the adequacy of the education system with the requirements of the national economy, the population in general and individuals play an important role. This need not only updates the quantitative growth of the sphere, but also qualitative shift towards innovative component of education. Thus, one could confirm that the education market is one of the most important elements of the national innovation system. Higher education institutions that have chosen an innovation-based development, become competitive leaders on the education market. Since only innovative HEIs (higher education institutions) are able to adapt to change quickly, innovation is becoming a major factor in their competitiveness in the market.

Regarding higher education we should distinguish between the concepts of “educational innovation” and “innovation in education”. Innovation in education is a broader concept than educational innovation. They include educational, scientific and technological, infrastructural, economic, social, legal, administrative and other innovations. Scientific and technological innovations are the result of research and development in the shape of intellectual property and are transferred for implementation and application in production. Social innovations include social support for students and university teachers, creating safe conditions for study as well as extracurricular activities of students, formation of socially responsible HEI.

Educational innovations are any purpose-oriented activity, organizational solutions, system, process or method of implementation of educational activities that significantly differ from the established practice and are first used in the institution and are aimed at improving the efficiency of functioning and the development of organization in a competitive environment.

Educational innovations include:

1. Pedagogical innovation: the change of style in teaching and the organization of the educational process

2. Scientific and methodological innovation: updating the content of educational programs in accordance with the best domestic and foreign counterparts

3. Education and technological innovation: use of new or improved learning technologies

4. Educational innovations: the content of the curriculum

5. Administrative (managerial) innovation: support for innovative university structure

6. Ideological innovation: university participating in the programs, competitions and other events held with the participation of government institution

7. Availability of state order for specialist training from line ministries; the presence of mechanisms of interaction between universities and the labor market.

According to philosophers and sociologists’ opinion, innovation education is a purposeful process of education and person innovative study; it should facilitate the development of his creative skills, self-learning skills, that is to form his intellectual capital. Characteristic of innovative educational models is shown in the figure:

CONCLUSIONS

So, the main components of an innovative HEI can be outlined. They are:

1. Introduction of innovative technologies in educational process

2. Improving the system of organization and management of higher education institution

3. Student-centered educational process

4. Increasing of qualification of stuff potential of higher education

5. Conducting marketing work to expand the education market and meet the needs of consumers.

6. Formation of the appropriate economic mechanism that will make it possible to obtain additional financial resources and use their savings

7. Development of own research capacity, implementation of scientific research and production of scientific and innovative products

Technology transfer, close cooperation with the business sector, implementation of research results into production and the vital activity of society is prerequisite for successful innovational HEI.

REASON

I chose this article because the title of the article is quite confusing, it makes me interested in reading the contents, and I am also curious about the difference between Innovation of Education and Educational Innovations. In addition, nowadays it is increasingly modern, we as educators must think about an educational system that follows the times and requires us to keep up with new technological developments. Especially in this field of higher education. Higher education can be the forerunner or determinant of whether the country will become a developed country or not. The production of quality human resources mostly comes from higher education.

IDEAS AND INSPIRATION

The more the population, the more buildings and educators we need. In my opinion, Indonesia must have a class with a maximum of 20 students. So that teacher can be maximal in teaching these 20 students. To be honest, I still often find teachers careless, lazy to teach, or lazy to check student worksheets one by one because there are too many students in one class. So the anticipation is to reduce the maximum number of students to 20 people. So that these students can sit at one table one person like schools in South Korea and Japan.

Name: Puspita Firahmahira

Class: 4E

NPM: 1910631060122

Journal Review part 5: IMPLEMENTING VOCABULARY SELF-COLLECTION STRATEGY IN THE EFL COLLEGE CLASSROOM IN ENGAGING STUDENTS’ COMMUNICATIVE CLASSROOM

Author:

Elih Sutisna Yanto

The application of vocabulary self-collection strategy (VSS) to EFL classroom has been well-published, but little is known about how this strategy is applied to tertiary grades education context. To fill this gap, this small-scale research reports the findings of the implementation of vocabulary Self-Collection-Strategy (VSS) in growing and developing tertiary students’ vocabulary in terms of second language research terminologies.

Vocabulary self-collection strategy is an interactive-learning instructional strategy that promotes word consciousness, as students are actively involved in identifying important words from their reading through video to share with partners of their class so that communicative classroom is engaging. Qualitative data show that this strategy encouraged independent learning of the students in understanding research terminologies and their responses toward this strategy are positive. 

Students engaged in their own learning, discover how to recognize unfamiliar or interesting words from their readings, develop their vocabularies, and become word conscious. In addition, Vocabulary Self-Collection Strategy can be a catalys for engaging students in post listening tasks such as write a brief summary of the text from the video; explain to students’ partner in students’ own words that text was about.

The advantage of this journal is that it describes clearly and completely starting from the introduction or background of the problem and the words used in this journal are appropriate and understandable.

Journal Review part 4: Effect of Using Video Materials in the Teaching of Listening Skills for University Students

Author:

Kretsai Woottipong

Technology has played an increasingly important role in the methods of instruction. One technology is video which offers instructors a wide variety of resource material to be employed in EFL classrooms to improve students’ listening comprehension. Music and setting elements can make for an enjoyable experience by learners. Video materials can be used an alternative instructional tool for teaching listening since they are a rich source of conversation and dialogue by English speakers. This can greatly facilitate comprehension of pronunciation. 

Secules, Herron & Tomasello (1992 cited in Keihaniyan, 2013) mentioned that the employment of video-based instruction is preferable to audio-only instruction in teaching language learning due to its multiplying input modalities that can motivate learners and attract their attention to the aural input. As a result, the use of video material is widely employed as an instrument to practice listening skill in English language learning. For these reasons, the aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the effects of using video materials in the development of listening skills in an EFL classroom.

In order to choose video material for the classroom, topics must be chosen based on students’ interest and their level of English proficiency, as well as cultural aspects. In addition, Nunan (2003) stated that the design of listening cycles is an important consideration, which involves selecting the content of the video or audio recording and dividing it into sections for presenting in stages to learners. Instructors can design cycles of activities in which learners can participate. The instructor should also be a reflective observer in order not to distract the learners’ attention from the video. Therefore, it would be very beneficial for instructors to select video materials that are conducive to language learning. Learners are more motivated to cope with the instruction when given the opportunity to study with the use of video materials.

The sample of the student population for this study was 41 first-year English major students in the second semester of the academic year 2012 at Thaksin University, Thailand. They were selected by simple random sampling. The study was conducted over 20 teaching periods. The one-group pretest-posttest design was implemented in this study. The instruments used in this study were lesson plans, English comprehension tests (pretest and posttest) and a questionnaire of the students’ attitude. Regarding the data analysis, mean, percentage and t-test scores for the dependent sample were employed. The result indicated that the students’ English listening comprehension ability increased significantly after learning with videos and students had positive attitudes towards using videos in teaching listening skills.

The findings of this study revealed that the use of video materials to develop listening comprehension of first-year English major students seemed to be effective, as indicated by the post-test score which was significantly higher than the pre-test score. Analysis of the students’ responses questionnaire from this journal revealed that they were more interested in learning English if the teacher used English videos as teaching materials. In addition, the keyword preview before watching videos motivated them to learn English. They explained that it was easier for them to remember and understand vocabulary in the video. Overall, students agreed that videos were beneficial in learning English, and that English subtitles in video movies were an excellent aid to learning English.

Based on the result of this study, it can be implied that video can contribute positively to language learning and processing. It helps learners in developing listening skills, in learning new lexical terms and in encouraging autonomous learning. Video-based instruction can be used to develop students’ listening and speaking skills. Activities associated with video-based instruction such as gap-filling, group discussion, and oral presentation, can also develop students’ listening and speaking skills.

The advantages

Video can be a very valuable tool for language learning. The advantages this tool provides, which this section will discuss, include the provision of samples of real-life communication, motivation for language learning, and promoting language acquisition. The first major advantage of using video is that it can provide samples of real-life situations. Learners can use video to study how language use may be employed by age and how the relationship between language use and paralinguistic features can be focused, including how to convey moods and feelings. Another reason why video is more advantageous than other forms of authentic material; it presents “slices of life.” Normally, teachers work with dialog in textbooks or audio cassettes; however, video presents communication more contextually. According to Allan, this makes video a valuable addition to language learning. Teachers should be well-trained in the use of video and how best to exploit its inherent advantages in a learning environment. Furthermore, the selection of the video content should be appropriate to the level of students’ English proficiency. The topics of the content should be matched to their interests and their background knowledge in order to motivate them to learn.

This journal is almost otherwise perfect in my opinion. But, there is one problem which is the weakness of this journal. Namely, there are several word repetitions that make this journal a little boring to follow.

Journal Review part 3: Improving literacy skills through learning reading by writing: The iWTR method presented and tested

Authors:

Annika Agélii Genlott

Åke Grönlund

Learning to read and write is a basic skill that unfortunately not everybody acquires sufficiently. Lack of teachers and time in school are some of the reasons, but in addition the enormous rise in informational activities due to the Internet and other information technology-enabled opportunities has made literacy skills increasingly important to ever more people. This means literacy education must be improved so more children in the world get better chances. 

In 1984 a computer-assisted “Write To Read” (WTR) program was designed and tested in a number of US schools over the following decade. Results were mixed; some schools achieved good results, others not. One reason for the limited success was that WTR programs were not completely implemented in all schools so the evaluation rests on incomplete data (Slavin, 1991). Early test used computer labs, which meant children were taken out of their everyday work practices in the classroom. This limited the amount of time available for the program. It also made it difficult to see effects of the computer use as the children also learned reading and writing in traditional ways in the classroom.

Partly for practical reasons, the early WTR trials emphasized individual training at the expense of the social aspects of learning – students were working alone at the computer separated from the social activities in the classroom, like discussing letters, words, and texts with teacher and peers, which are considered crucial in socio-cultural perspective on learning. Today’s trials use portable computers or tablets (for example, iPads) and web sites integrated in everyday classroom activities. Contemporary WTR trials report positive long-term effects – improved results during later school years (Trageton, 2003) – but studies often suffer from lack of research rigor.

A factor that is underresearched in WTR research, and indeed in many studies of ICT use, is the importance of social interaction. Recent research on social interaction in combination with ICT use finds that the effect of ICT tools is mediated through the ”right use”, i.e. the setup of the social interaction in which the tool is used. Drawing on a critical social practice view of literacy this project has developed the method further to include a social view of learning.

In order to contribute to developing better methods for learning to read and write in early years this study tests a new method developed to improve reading and writing learning in early ages. The ICT (Information and communication technologies) supported “Integrated Write to Learn” (iWTR) method lets children in 1st grade use computers and other ICT tools to write texts and subsequently discuss and refine them together with class mates and teachers. Handwriting is postponed to 2nd grade. While the traditional method requires students to go through two development processes in parallel, a cognitive (learning to read) and a motor (learning to write with a pencil), iWTR works with one process at a time, first cognitive development, then (from grade 2) motor skills training. iWTR extends previous WTR methods by more social work methods using a web site and peer comment for providing social meaning and feedback.

“Integrated” means that reading and writing are integrated within the classroom, within a social learning process, and across school subjects. Children cooperate pairwise producing texts, using keyboard, which are then published on a class web site and subjected to discussion among students, teachers, and parents, and subsequently refined in joint efforts. This means all writing has a purpose and an audience, and texts are not static but further developed based on discussions. Speech technology is used to check that the writing produces the desired sound, thus providing direct response to the children’s spelling.

The method was tested using two test groups and two control groups by systematically measuring performance in reading and writing using standard tests in combination with observations and student evaluation to assess social and individual effects of work methods. The results show that while reading skills were improved considerably the biggest improvement concerned writing skills. Students in the test group wrote longer texts with better structure, clearer content, and a more elaborate language.

This journal have some disadvantage, like there are some sentences that not completely done, there are some repetitions of sentences that have the same meaning, and also the wrong use of punctuation.

Journal Review part 2: Improving Speaking Skills with Efficient Ways

Authors:

Muxamatjonova Diyora

Xoshimova Diloza

The results of this study revealed that the students of ANU face many problems related to speaking skill, such as confusion and embarrassment; students did not learn speaking lessons correctly at school, and face difficulty in pronouncing some words. The results also showed that the most frequent problems were the limited amount of vocabulary among students, while the least frequent problems were the difficulty in understanding questions. This study also presented some of appropriate solutions to overcome the weakness in speaking skill, such as practicing speaking English inside and outside the classroom effectively, using the modern social media to communicate in English and to express the students feelings and needs.

Many students master the fine points of English grammar but find themselves at a loss when it comes to actually having a conversation with native speakers. In reality, the only way to develop fluency in speaking is by huge amounts of listening, and then practicing. The following are a few tips for improving English speaking skills. Don’t forget that listening is the foundation for speaking! When you also want to practice speaking, here are some suggestions for how to improve English speaking skills. Effective communication, of course, doesn’t mean perfect communication, nor error free communication. It just means communicating in a way that leaves both speaking partners feeling comfortable about the experience.

Find An English-Speaking Conversation Partner

First of all, it’s important to find native speakers to practice with. Students who are living around many English speakers may be able to find informal opportunities to chat with neighbors and local business people. If that isn’t an option, consider hiring a private tutor. A lot of students find and meet with tutors online via tools like Skype or Google Hangouts.

Make Sure To Listen As Well As Speak

Try to balance your listening and speaking. It’s a good idea to prepare questions in advance so that the conversation will flow back and forth. If your conversation partner asks you a question and you answer at length, you can always turn the question back to your partner by asking, “What do you think?” or “What about you?”

Record Your Conversation Practice

Recording is a great way to get the maximum benefit from a conversation with a native speaker. When you listen again, you can evaluate your own pronunciation and notice areas where you need to improve. You can also review the content of the conversation, take notes on new vocabulary or misunderstandings, and prepare questions for the next meeting.

Surround Yourself With The English Language

Immerse yourself in English as much as possible. Watch movies or TV in English, with subtitles if you need them, and watch the same programs over and over. Most people find that they understand more each time. Listening helps you become familiar with the rhythms and intonations of English. Once the sounds are familiar, try imitating them.

Practice With Music and Movies

Music is one of the best tools for learning intonation pronunciation. Listening and singing songs might also help you remember vocabulary and phrases, and it will help you learn to pronounce English rhythm in a more natural way. By unconsciously imitating the singer, you’ll learn to pronounce phrases the way native speakers do. One good song for ESL or EFL students is “Tom’s Diner” by Suzanne Vega because it uses simple language to describe everyday scenes and actions. Movies are a much better choice for learning English. You’ll learn vocabulary, idioms, slang, pronunciation, and listening by watching movies. Be sure to use my movie technique when you do this!

Read Aloud

Reading out loud is a great way to practice speaking when there are no conversation partners available. Reading aloud gives you a chance to focus on pronunciation and pacing without worrying about coming up with words. Make sure to practice with material that you can understand. Some students find videos online that have transcripts. By reading aloud from a transcript, you can check your pronunciation by listening to how the speaker says something.

Think in English

If you think in your native language and then try to speak English, you’ll always have to translate between languages. Translating isn’t an easy thing to do! Even people fluent in two or more languages have trouble switching between languages. The solution is to think in English. Try to use English when you’re thinking about your day, or when you’re trying to decide what food to order. Even try to use an English-to-English dictionary to look up words. That way you never have to use your native language and translate words. You’ll notice that when you think in English, it’s easier for you to speak in English.

Talk To Yourself

Whenever you’re at home (or alone somewhere else) you can improve English speaking with your favorite person: yourself. If you’re already thinking in English, try speaking your thoughts out loud. Read out loud, too. Practice is practice, and even if you don’t have anyone to correct your mistakes, just the act of speaking out loud will help you become more comfortable speaking English. By talking to yourself, you can become more fluent in translating your thoughts into spoken words.

Use a Mirror

Whenever you can, take a few minutes out of your day to stand in front of the mirror and speak. Choose a topic, set a timer for two or three minutes and just talk. The point of this exercise is to watch your mouth, face and body language as you speak. It also makes you feel like you’re talking to someone, so you can pretend you’re having a discussion with a study buddy.Talk for the full two or three minutes. Don’t stop! If you get stuck on a word you don’t know, try expressing your idea in a different way. You can always look up how to say that word after the two to three minutes end. This will definitely help you find out what kinds of words or sentences you have trouble with.

Focus on English Fluency, Not Grammar

When you speak in English, how often do you stop? The more you stop, the less confident you sound and the less comfortable you become. Try the mirror exercise above, but challenge yourself to speak without stopping or stammering (taking pauses between your words) the entire time. This might mean that your sentences won’t be grammatically perfect, and that’s okay! If you focus on speaking fluently instead of correctly, you’ll still be understood and you’ll sound better. You can fill in the correct grammar and word rules as you learn them better.

Try English Tongue Twisters

Tongue twisters are series of words that are difficult to say quickly. One example is: “The thirty-three thieves thought that they thrilled the throne throughout Thursday.” Try saying this a few times! It’s not easy. Word games like this will help you find the right placement for your mouth and tongue, and can even help your pronunciation. You can find a list of great tongue twisters here.

The advantages of this journal give a lot of tips and tricks for improving English speaking skills. But the disadvantage of this journal is author didn't give some explanation about "ANU". They just put the abbreviation instead of continuation.

How to Understand Scientific Journals Easily

 

1. Started reading from the opening, not abstract.

Abstract contains brief caption/summary of the journal's entire contents. In the abstract reference to background, methods, results, and journal conclusions. But sometimes abstark's content doesn't quite explain the journal's content. So to avoid quoting freely, first understand the background of the research listed in the opening chapter.

2. Look for the big question

The important thing is not "what is this research about?" but" what is this research problem that you want to solve?" If you start with that question, you'll focus more on reading a scientific journal. The goal of that research is to solve a problem, right? From this big question, you will then better understand why the research has to be done.

3. Create a summary of the background, not more than five sentences

The introduction section contains such vital features as what previous research has been done, the importance of doing these research, and what research should be done next. Well, try to make a summary of that information. Knowing the basic line of research from a scientific journal makes it easier for you to grasp the whole of it.

4. Create a diagram or flow from the method part

The contents of the methods are the measures researchers are taking to address the problems of their research. In methods, researchers will describe the methods used. If experimental research were to include, for example, the tools, materials, and treatment given to objects.

5. Read the results section

After reading the accomplishment section, you can summarize it. There's no need to try to determine the content of the outcome. Just write down what he did. And actually, the content of the results you can see through your charts and tables. There's some information you should take into account when reading the results section. For example, of significant and of no significance to his results. Also, the size of the sample used should be considered. Is the sample used sufficient representation?

6. See the concluding portion

It's a good conclusion that answers the core of the problem. For example, studies have been made about how a youth's duration of social media use affects academic achievement. It's a good conclusion that answers the core of the problem. For example, studies have been made about how a youth's duration of social media use affects academic achievement. The deduction part must answer whether there is a connection between social media and achievement. If there is a connection, it must be redefined whether it is significant or not

7. Look back at the abstract to ensure your understanding of the entire journal

If you've read the journal passages correctly from beginning, method, results, to conclusion, it's time you start reading the abstract. Actually, this is to recheck whether what you captured from the journal matches or not. If you find out that something is wrong, you can reread the portion that is still misconstrued.

Source: rencanamu.id